LIST OF DUAL-USE BIOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT
FOR EXPORT CONTROL
THE AUSTRALIA GROUP
January 2003
I. Equipment
1. Complete containment facilities at P3 or P4 containment level
Complete containment facilities that meet the criteria for P3 or P4 (BL3, BL4, L3, L4) containment as specified in the WHO Laboratory Biosafety manual (2nd edition, Geneva, 1993) should be subject to export control.
2. Fermenters
Fermenters capable of cultivation of pathogenic micro-organisms, viruses or for toxin production, without the propagation of aerosols, having a capacity of 20 litres or greater. Fermenters include bioreactors, chemostats and continuous-flow systems.
3. Centrifugal Separators
Centrifugal separators capable of the continuous separation of pathogenic micro-organisms, without the propagation of aerosols, and having all the following characteristics:
a) one or more sealing joints within the steam containment area;
b) a flow rate greater than 100 litres per hour;
c) components of polished stainless steel or titanium;
d) capable of in-situ steam sterilisation in a closed state.
Technical note: Centrifugal separators include decanters.
4. Cross (tangential) Flow Filtration Equipment
Cross (tangential) flow filtration equipment capable of separation of pathogenic micro-organisms, viruses, toxins or cell cultures, without the propagation of aerosols, having all the following characteristics:
a) a total filtration area equal to or greater than 1 square metre; b) capable of being sterilized or disinfected in-situ.
(N.B. This control excludes reverse osmosis equipment, as specified by the manufacturer.)
Cross (tangential) flow filtration components (eg modules, elements, cassettes, cartridges, units or plates) with filtration area equal to or greater than 0.2 square metres for each component and designed for use in cross (tangential) flow filtration equipment as specified above.
Technical note: In this control, ‘sterilized’ denotes the elimination of all viable microbes from the equipment through the use of either physical (eg steam) or chemical agents. ‘Disinfected’ denotes the destruction of potential microbial infectivity in the equipment through the use of chemical agents with a germicidal effect. ‘Disinfection’ and ‘sterilization’ are distinct from ‘sanitization’, the latter referring to cleaning procedures designed to lower the microbial content of equipment without necessarily achieving elimination of all microbial infectivity or viability.
5. Freeze-drying Equipment
Steam sterilisable freeze-drying equipment with a condenser capacity of 10 kgs of ice or greater in 24 hours and less than 1000 kgs of ice in 24 hours.
6. Protective and containment equipment as follows:
a) protective full or half suits, or hoods dependent upon a tethered external air supply and operating under positive pressure;
Technical note: This does not control suits designed to be worn with self-contained breathing apparatus.
b) class III biological safety cabinets or isolators with similar performance standards (e.g. flexible isolators, dry boxes, anaerobic chambers, glove boxes, or laminar flow hoods (closed with vertical flow)).
7. Aerosol inhalation chambers
Chambers designed for aerosol challenge testing with micro-organisms, viruses or toxins and having a capacity of 1 cubic metre or greater.
Experts propose that the following item be included in awareness raising guidelines to industry: 1. Equipment for the micro-encapsulation of live micro-organisms and toxins in the range of 1-10 um particle size, specifically: a) interfacial polycondensors;
b) phase separators.
2. Fermenters of less than 100 litre capacity with special emphasis on aggregate orders or designs for use in combined systems.
3. Conventional or turbulent air-flow clean-air rooms and self-contained fan-HEPA filter units that may be used for P3 or P4 (BL3, BL4, L3, L4) containment facilities.
II. Related Technology
The transfer of ‘technology’ for ‘development’ or ‘production’ of:
AG-controlled biological agents; or
AG-controlled dual-use biological equipment items.
Controls on ‘technology’ transfer do not apply to information ‘in the public domain’ or to ‘basic scientific research’ or the minimum necessary information for patent application.
The approval for export of any AG-controlled item of dual-use equipment also authorises the export to the same end-user of the minimum ‘technology’ required for the installation, operation, maintenance, or repair of that item.
Definition of Terms
‘Technology’
Specific information necessary for the ‘development’, ‘production’, or ‘use’ of a product. The information takes the form of ‘technical data’ or ‘technical assistance’.
‘Basic scientific research’
Experimental or theoretical work undertaken principally to acquire new knowledge of the fundamental principles of phenomena or observable facts, not primarily directed towards a specific practical aim or objective.
‘Development’
‘Development’ is related to all stages before production such as:
design,
design research,
design analysis,
design concepts,
assembly of prototypes,
pilot production schemes,
design data,
process or transforming design data into a product,
configuration design,
integration design, and
layouts.‘In the public domain’
‘In the public domain’, as it applies herein, means technology that has been made available without restrictions upon its further dissemination. (Copyright restrictions do not remove technology from being in the public domain.)
‘Production’
Production means all production phases such as:
construction,
production engineering,
manufacture,
integration,
assembly (mounting),
inspection,
testing, and
quality assurance.‘Technical assistance’
May take forms, such as: instruction, skills, training, working knowledge, consulting services. ‘Technical assistance’ may involve transfer of ‘technical data’.
‘Technical data’
May take forms such as blueprints, plans, diagrams, models, formulae, tables, engineering designs and specifications, manuals and instructions written or recorded on other media or devices such as disk, tape, read-only memories.
‘Use’
Operation, installation, (including on-site installation), maintenance, (checking), repair, overhaul or refurbishing.