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QUESTION: Can I pick up on that exact point, because some of us were here through that period and remember Albert Wohlstetter saying he didn't think he'd live to see the Berlin Wall come down. Iran and its nuclear capability - are we possibly heading towards another deterrence model with them, which seems to me would effectively put us back in the Cold War living in a state of mutual assured destruction? And you know, as you say, for those of us who went through the last one, that would be pretty disturbing.
SECRETARY RICE: I don't think we're necessarily headed to - no, I don't think we're headed to a deterrence model because I don't think that Iran currently has that level of capability but we have to accept that level of capability. I mean, remember that what happened in 1949 the Soviet Union exploded a nuclear weapon five years ahead of schedule, the Soviet Union was occupying half of Europe. At that point, your options are pretty limited as to how to confront that and you slide fairly easily into a deterrence model because there really isn't a way to arrest the Soviet nuclear - Soviet nuclear program.
I think we still have a chance to arrest the Iranian nuclear program in its relative infancy and we also have a chance because I think Iranian power in the region is also not as advanced as Soviet power was as a result of World War II. And remember again, the Soviet Union was deep into the heart of Europe as a result of World War II. So expelling the Soviet Union at that point was a very, very tall order which I think rightly they decided instead to try to contain, as Kennan put it, until the Soviet Union had to turn to deal with its own internal contradictions.
This time I think we've got a chance to resist Iranian push into the region, but we better get about it. I mean, it's not the sort of thing that you can just let continue in its current form. It's why you have to resist Hezbollah. It's why you have to try to strengthen the moderate Lebanese forces, which is not an easy matter. It's why you have to resist the Damascus Hamas, creating a situation in the Palestinian territories where moderates can emerge. It is why in the final analysis a stable Shia-led but not dominated government in Iraq is at the core of all of this. There is no surprise that the Iranians in many ways I think fear most a successful Iraqi nontheocratic government where Shia are afforded one man, one vote and therefore have a kind of rightful political place but manage to incorporate with the Kurds and Sunnis into a national unity government, again that's nontheocratic. That's got to be Iran's worst nightmare and that's what you've really got to work for. So I think we've got time to not get into a mutually assured destruction model.
QUESTION: On that point, the diplomacy that you've been leading on Iran has been focused mainly on the IAEA and UN and it looks kind of Sisyphean from our point of view, not least because countries like China, France and Russia don't seem particularly eager to take the sorts of steps that would plausibly deter Iran or make it think twice about its nuclear ambitions. Instead, Iran is just flouting deadlines with impunity and Europe seems to will to the French or the Russians and Chinese seem to be happy to go along with it. Are you considering as you take the UN route alternative measures to make the Iranians reassess their nuclear program and not just the threat of a UN Security Council resolution or another pseudo-deadline?
SECRETARY RICE: Yeah. Well, first of all, I wouldn't draw too much of a conclusion just yet as to what the Chinese and the Russians will do. We've actually had very good discussions at the political directors level this last week or so about what a resolution, a sanctions resolution under Article 41, Chapter 7 would look like if in fact the Iranians don't finally decide to suspend their enrichment program.
Now, to be absolutely fair, any such resolution will not look like a resolution that was written unilaterally by the United States. You can understand that. But it is also the case that a Security Council resolution which puts Iran under Article 41, Chapter 7 has collateral effects on the willingness of private companies, private banks, to do business with Iran. Because if you are making decisions which have a reputational component for instance and you're facing making those decisions when a state is under Security Council resolutions, particularly Article 7 resolutions, that's a different environment. And so I wouldn't also underestimate the collateral effects of whatever resolution there is in the Security Council.
You saw that Hank Paulson was out to inform, and it really was just an informational session - central bankers, finance ministers, some private entities - about how we think the Iranians shield their illicit financial activities. And it's his responsibility after all as U.S. Secretary of Treasury to protect the integrity of the financial system from people using it for financing of weapons of mass destruction or terrorist financing. This is a tack, a track I guess I should call it, that we began working when John Snow was here and we've been working all along, and we think it will have an effect.
Iran is not North Korea. It's not isolated and it is pretty integrated into the international financial system. And that actually makes its potential isolation more damaging to Iran than for instance North Korea which, as you notice, has not been too thrilled with even the rather modest financial measures that we've taken against North Korea. So yes, there are other things that are going on.
QUESTION: Do you think that there is - there are differences - well, how do you read the Iranian - what's going on in the Iranian Government? Do you think that there are differences that can be exploited in how to approach the nuclear program or the United States - it's the President's decision to lay in to Khatami? Someone suggested that the President -- that this was his attempt to listen to alternative voices. For those of us who can recall though going back 20 years, other attempts to find Iranian moderates never ends happily. So what do you see going on in Tehran now?
SECRETARY RICE: I do not believe we're going to find Iranian moderates. The question is are we going to find Iranian reasonables. (Laughter.) And that's an important distinction because if you're looking for people who are, you know, prepared to lead the revolution toward a more favorable relationship with the United States and all of those things that has led to some 25 years of looking for those people, usually ending up in some major failure in American foreign policy. I don't think you're going to find them.
But are there possible people in that government that do not want to endure the kind of isolation that they're headed toward, where I think they will find it very difficult to maintain the integration that they have? You know, we forget that with the exception of the United States most countries have diplomatic relations with Iran, most countries trade. Their two big trading parties - Japan, Italy - and they're facing, if they continue down the road that they're on, isolation. The question is are there people who wish to avoid that isolation.
QUESTION: What would Iran's response to the sanctions be, do you think? The financial sanctions.
SECRETARY RICE: Well, I don't know. I mean, there are limitations on the oil card because ultimately you have to sell it in order to be able to use its proceeds. There are limitations that are because Iran imports 40 percent of its refined products so there are limitations there. There are those who think that it might be to get nastier in the region, and that's always a possibility.
QUESTION: It was notable in the President's speech at the United Nations that he didn't issue a challenge to the United Nations. He sort of spoke over the heads of the leaders to the Iranian people but he didn't say anything about sort of the credibility of the international system and the importance of - should anything be read into that?
SECRETARY RICE: No, no, because we've been saying that, you know, the international system has to - I think if you read an interview he just recently, he talks about, you know, you have to be credible and so forth. No, it was just that he wanted to be very concise in speaking to the Iranian people and not muddy the message.
QUESTION: What do you think about a gasoline embargo on Iran?
SECRETARY RICE: Well, I just - I don't think that it was anything that you have to look at it in the near term and I'm not sure that it would have the desired effect. One of the problems that we have is if indeed you would like not to have a situation in which you reinforce the leadership's desire to make their people feel that America is anti-Iranian people, then you want to stay away from things that have a bad effect on the Iranian people to the degree that you can. You know, we've talked - people have talked for instance about barring Iranian students or barring Iranian - there was at one point the World Cup, you know, bar them from the World Cup or something like that.
The Iranian regime has been pretty insistent on a line of reasoning that this is not between the United States and the Iranian regime; this is between the United States and Iran, the culture, the people, its great national pride. And that's something we really do have to fight against and some believe a gasoline embargo might play into that.
QUESTION: Are you optimistic that the international system is going to work here, that the Security Council for example will be able to agree on a level of pressure that will be sufficiently great to force the Iranians to change tack?
SECRETARY RICE: I do believe that the international system will agree on a level of pressure. I think it will evolve over time. I don't think you're going to see an all-in Security Council resolution at the beginning. But as I was noting, you get both direct and collateral effects from Security Council resolutions and I think that the Iranians frankly have to worry more about the collateral effect than they do about anything the Security Council might actually sanction because, again, Iran is a pretty integrated entity and if you start making it - start adding to the environment of uncertainty about whether Iran is a good place to be engaged, and I think it's going to be very difficult for them. You're already seeing major banks pull out of Iran. You've already seen companies thinking again about their investments. You know this business better than most. If you sit on the board of a company or a bank and there are - there is the potential for some kind of action against an Iranian client with whom you're dealing, that's not a very comfortable position. And so I think that the Iranians have a collateral problem.
QUESTION: You noted at the beginning that the Soviets tested a nuclear weapon five years ahead of schedule. How confident are you that we have time to allow pressure to build up and for the international community to come around to the nature*, you know, the level of the threat?
SECRETARY RICE: Well, the problem is of course you never know what you don't know, particularly in a fairly opaque place like Iran. I don't think it is quite as opaque frankly as Joseph Stalin's Russia was and you have to remember that the way that we found out about Natanz was through reporting of dissidents who had been told things by people inside Iran.
So one of the things that we have to do is we have to increase our capability to mine resources and intelligence about Iran. And one of the challenges that we have is we haven't been in the country for 26 years. And you would be surprised what it does to both your diplomatic and intelligence capability to not be in the country. One of the things that we've done - you will not believe this. The Department of State did not have an Iran desk, did not have an Iran desk. Why? Because we didn't have relations with Iran. So why would you have an Iran desk if you didn't have relations with it? Well, the first thing we did is we created an Iran desk. The second thing is that we've actually --
QUESTION: So is there no North Korea desk either?
SECRETARY RICE: No, there's a North Korea officer but there's no desk. Now, so it just sort of shows, you know, the thinking that foreign relations is those with whom you do relations rather than kind of foreign policy.
QUESTION: And why --
SECRETARY RICE: And could I just - so one thing we've done is we are going to in Dubai create a dedicated Iran section that sort of mirrors the work that they did in the 1930s in - when we didn't have relations with the Soviet Union, so we had Riga station which is where George Kennan worked initially.
So I'm not - I can't tell you I'm absolutely confident. I can tell you I think we have better insights into Iran. And we have to work quickly, obviously, but we also have to work smart and that means probably trying to cut off some of their access to foreign help because that is for many people the long pole in the tent on how fast we can move.
QUESTION: Why does Europe, Russia, China see less concern about Iran's nuclear ambitions than we do? You mentioned how integrated Iran is and the trading partnership they have. Is this just a case of them putting economic interests ahead of their security concerns?
SECRETARY RICE: I don't think so. I think there's great concern about Iran and I actually think the Europeans have been very strong on this. It's why for instance they have never permitted negotiations to go forward without suspension. I mean, they're the ones who initially set this condition. And with the Europeans there hasn't been much daylight because us and the Europeans about what you do if the Iranians don't go along. I think with the Russians and the Chinese you've got a couple of things going and they're a little bit different. The Russians actually believe that - and I think I actually believe them - they believe that there are downsides to sanctions, including the possibility that the Iranians may leave the NPT and kick out all inspectors and at that point you have no eyes and ears.
Now, I happen to think that the worst situation is that they, you know, continue their program and then they kick out the inspectors and they've made progress. But you can see that it's not an unreasonable concern.
Secondly, I think that the Russians, who live very close to the Iranians, do worry about the response that I was just saying to Melanie, which is they get tougher in the region.
So I wouldn't be so quick to say that people are just putting their economic interests ahead. I do think there's a genuine debate about how best to handle the situation. The good news is though that debate ended with Resolution 1696 because we all agreed that if the Iranians don't suspend, we'll seek Security Council sanctions.
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