Why are sanctions imposed?

In 2015, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) adopted UNSC Resolution 2231 endorsing the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). This allowed the UNSC to have oversight of Iran's nuclear activities in return for sanctions relief as long as certain conditions (such as access for the International Atomic Energy Agency) were met. The resolution also contained a mechanism through which the suspended sanctions against Iran could be 'snapped back' into effect if Iran failed to comply with its obligations.

On 28 August 2025, France, Germany and the UK triggered the 'snapback' of the UNSC's sanctions on the basis that Iran had not complied with its obligations under the JCPOA.

On 28 September 2025, the UNSC sanctions that has been eased under resolution 2231 and the JCPOA were automatically reimposed by the UNSC. The measures include:

• import and export bans on nuclear and ballistic missile related goods to and from Iran;
• prohibitions on providing certain services (including bunkering services) to Iran;  
• prohibition on allowing Iranian nationals and entities investing in sensitive commercial activities; and
• asset freezes on individuals and entities.

Australia implements the UNSC sanctions by incorporating them into Australian sanctions laws. In addition, Australia imposes autonomous sanctions in relation to Iran.

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