Many Members in the 118th Congress remain concerned with Iran’s ability to raise revenue by selling petroleum, which has been a long-term target of U.S. sanctions. Iran’s petroleum exports reportedly reached new heights in 2024, with nearly all exports going to the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Techniques used to obscure Iranian petroleum exports complicate efforts to identify Iran’s trade patterns and to use sanctions effectively in furtherance of U.S. foreign policy.

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