Iranian oil trader Hossein Shamkhani has been shipping Iranian weapons, including missiles, drone components, and dual-use goods, across the Caspian Sea to Russia since mid-2023, according to U.S. and European officials. Shamkhani, who goes by the alias "Hector", used a network of companies including Dubai-based Crios Shipping LLC to facilitate more than a quarter of Iran’s weapons shipments to Russia, which are paid for by barters of Russian oil. Shamkhani also oversees the U.S.-sanctioned companies Oceanlink Maritime DMCC and Koban Shipping LLC on behalf of Iran’s Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics. Two ships operated by Crios, Sea Castle (also known as Tooka) and Sea Anchor (also known as Roja), each made at least five voyages from Iranian ports to the Russian port of Astakhan in 2024.

U.S.-Iranian national Mahdi Mohammad Sadeghi and Iranian national Mohammad Abedininajafabadi (Abedini) were charged in the United States with illicitly exporting electronic components to Iran. With Sadeghi's assistance, Abedini allegedly used a Switzerland-based front company Illumove SA to procure U.S.-origin microelectronics for his Iranian company San’at Danesh Rahpooyan Aflak Co. (SDRA or SADRA). SDRA produces navigation systems for the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). A drone equipped with a SDRA-built navigation system was used in a January 2024 attack on a U.S. military base in Jordan that killed three U.S. service members. Sadeghi was arrested in the United States, and Abedini was arrested in Italy.

In a confidential report, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) said that Iran agreed to "increase the frequency and intensity of the implementation of safeguards measures" at its Fordow uranium enrichment facility. A week earlier, the IAEA had reported that Iran was accelerating enrichment at Fordow to produce at least 35 kg of uranium enriched to 60% purity a month, up from 5-7 kg a month previously.

A fuel oil smuggling network operating in Iraq has been generating at least $1 billion a year for Iran and its proxies since 2022 by diverting oil allocated to asphalt plants at subsidized prices. Between 3.4 and 5 million barrels of heavy fuel oil is illicitly exported from the plants every month, mostly to Asia. The illicit exports benefit the Iraqi paramilitary force and political party Asaib Ahl Al-Haq (AAH), which is supported by Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Kataib Hezbollah, another IRGC-backed Iraqi group, also controls some plants involved in the diversion scheme. Some of the exported fuel oil is blended with Iranian oil to help Iran evade sanctions.