The United Nations reinstated sanctions on Iran at midnight GMT on September 28. France, Germany, and the United Kingdom had initiated the return of sanctions in August and failed to reach an agreement with Iran in the meantime to delay it. The restored sanctions include an arms embargo, a ban on uranium enrichment and reprocessing, a ban on activity related to ballistic missiles capable of delivering nuclear weapons, asset freezes and travel bans on Iranian individuals and companies, and trade restrictions on items with nuclear or missile applications. U.N. member states are also authorized to seize and dispose of goods prohibited from being shipped to Iran. Iran threatened a response to the reimposition of sanctions, and Russia claimed that the renewed sanctions were illegitimate.

Iran is rebuilding missile production sites damaged by Israel in June, according to satellite imagery analyzed by the Associated Press. The imagery indicates construction at bases for manufacturing solid-fueled missiles located near Parchin and Shahroud. Iran does not appear to have acquired replacements for planetary mixers that were destroyed by Israel in an earlier strike in October 2024. The mixers are large pieces of equipment needed to produce solid missile fuel. They can be purchased from Chinese firms, but the Chinese government did not indicate whether or not it would supply replacement mixers or missile fuel ingredients to Iran.

Iran's MAPNA Group exported its MGT-70 gas turbine to Russia. The MGT-70 is a reverse-engineered version of the Siemens V94.2 turbine and is intended to be a replacement for Russia's aging Siemens turbines, which Western sanctions have made difficult for Russia to obtain. Sanctions and export restrictions have led Russia to seek turbines from MAPNA Group, Chinese company Harbin Electric, and Russia's own United Engine Corporation. MAPNA Group has also exported MGT-70 turbines to Iraq and Syria. The turbines are primarily used in the energy industry.

Iran's stockpile of uranium enriched up to 60% purity had increased to an estimated 440.9 kilograms as of June 13, the first full day of Israeli strikes on Iran's nuclear program, according to a report shared by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) with member states. The quantity of 60% enriched uranium had increased by 32.3 kilograms since the IAEA's previous report in May.