Based on an analysis of papers published in scientific journals since 2017, the Jewish Chronicle found that researchers affiliated with at least 11 British universities collaborated with Iranian counterparts on at least 16 studies that have potential military applications, particularly for Iran's drone program. The studies' topics included optimizing drone engine performance, testing new jet engine control systems, and employing drones as mobile communication relays. UK-based universities whose researchers were involved in the studies included Cranfield University, Imperial College London, Cambridge University, the University of Liverpool, Northumbria University, and University of Glasgow, while Iran-based universities included Shahrood University of Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran University of Science and Technology, Sharif University of Technology, Shahid Beheshti University.