Russian president Vladimir Putin and Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian signed a comprehensive strategic partnership treaty during a visit by Pezeskhian to Moscow. The 20-year treaty covers trade, intelligence sharing, and military cooperation, as well as cooperation in other sectors including science, education, and culture. It does not include a mutual defense pact, but requires both countries refrain from providing military support or aid to any country attacking the other party. It also provides for the two countries to coordinate their response to external sanctions and to facilitate payments in their national currencies.